Cancer 101 » Colon Cancer

What Happens When Physicians Do Not Observe Colon Cancer Screening Protocols

dennis — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 05:02:40 +0000

Colon cancer is the second leading reason for deaths from cancer. Each year, about 48,000 individuals will pass away as a result of colon cancer. A large number of these fatalities might be avoided with early detection and treatment through routine colon cancer testing before symtoms develop.

When the disease is detected as a small polyp while undergoing a regularly scheduled screening procedure, like a colonoscopy, the polyp might be able to be taken out in the course of the colonoscopy. At this point, there is no need for the surgical removal of any segment of the colon. Once the polyp grows to the point where it becomes cancerous and gets to Stage I or Stage II, the tumor and a portion of the colon on both sides is surgical taken out. The relative 5-year survival rate is over 90% for Stage I and seventy three percent for Stage 2.

If the disease reaches Stage III, surgery is no longer sufficient. The patient will, in addition, need to have chemotherapy. The relative 5-year survival rate drops to 53%, depending on such factors as the quantity of lymph nodes that show up positive for cancer.

Once the colon cancer metastasizes, treatment may require undergoing chemotherapy and possibly other drugs as well as surgery on various organs. In case the measurement and quantity of tumors in other organs (like the liver and lungs) are small enough, surgery to get rid of the cancer from those other organs might be the first treatment, followed by chemotherapy. Sometimes the size or quantity of tumors in the other organs takes away the option of surgery as a treatment.

If chemotherapy and other drugs are able to lower the number and size of these tumors, surgery may at that point turn out to be a viable follow up treatment. Otherwise, chemotherapy and other drugs (perhaps from clinical trials) might for a time halt or reduce the ongoing progression of the cancer. With metastasis the person’s likelihood of outliving the cancer for greater than 5 years subsequent to diagnosis is reduced to approximately 8%.

The statistics are clear. The time frame wherein the colon cancer is found and treated makes a significant difference. If diagnosed and treated early, the patient has a high likelihood of surviving the disease. As diagnosis and treatment is delayed, the odds begin shifting from the person so that once the colon cancer reaches the lymph nodes, the probability is almost 50/50. Further the odds drop precipitously when the colon cancer metastasizes.

Yet, too frequently doctors do not advise routine cancer screening to men and women who are asymptomatic. When the cancer is ultimately diagnosed – many times due to the fact that the tumor has grown so large that it is resulting in blockage, since the individual is anemic and it is worsening, or since the patient begins to detect other indications – the colon cancer has already advanced to a Stage 3 or even a Stage 4. The individual now confronts a very different outlook than he or she would have if the cancer had been discovered early by routine screening tests.

Attorneys who handle cancer cases often refer to this as a “loss of chance” of a better recovery. That is to say, because the doctor did not recommend that the person undergo routine screening test, the cancer is now considerably more advanced and the person faces a much reduced chance of outliving the cancer. A physician may be liable for not meeting the standard of care if he or she fails to recommend cancer screening to a patient who later is found to have advanced colon cancer.

What Causes Colon Cancer

dennis — Mon, 06 Sep 2010 05:04:29 +0000

What Causes Colon Cancer

What is colon cancer?

Colon cancer or as it is sometimes referred to colorectal cancer or large bowel cancer defines a disease that is characterized by the manifestation of cancerous growths within the rectum, colon and appendix. It is the third most prevalent form of cancer and is the third major cause of cancer related deaths in western societies. It has been declared that the cancer may materialize because of polyps that are within the colon. Though these growths are normally benign they can mutate into malignant tumours. This kind of cancer is generally diagnosed using colonoscopy. It is likely to be treated with surgery followed by the application of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.

What causes colon cancer?

There are several risk factors that will heighten an individuals odds of developing colon cancer. Some of these are highlighted below with a short description of each risk factor.

•   A diet that consists of a lot of fat is a common factor in encouraging the development of the disease. Studies have observed that a diet that is high in fat, low in fibre and that maintains excessive portions of red meat may induce the development of the disease. It is speculated that the breakdown of fat in the large and small intestines may make carcinogenic chemicals. Therefore it is advised that a person eats vegetables and foods that are high in fibre to aid the body to rid itself of carcinogenic waste products from the colon.
•   As mentioned before colon polyps appear to play a enormous role in the manifestation of the disease. These polyps manifest as a result of impairment to the chromosomes in the cell lining of the colon. This leads to the development of small benign entities. Though these fairly minute growths are benign they have the capacity to mutate into cancerous growths over time. Consequently, it is important to have any present polyps assesed by a doctor to reduce the oddsthat they will become cancerous growths.
•   An individual may also be genetically predisposed to getting the disease. If a person has a family history of the disease then his or her probability are greater for developing the possibly inherited condition. The age the disease came about in family members will also increase the likelihood of early onset of the disease in the individual.
•   If a person has ever had another sort of cancer especially those of the reproductive system including breast, ovary, and uterine cancer the chance of developing the disease will be greater.
•   People who have Chron’s Disease also have an elevated risk of developing the condition. Because Chron’s disease affects the intestines, degeneration overtime in this particular area will likely induce cancerous growths. It is recommended that patients with the disease are often assesed by the medical practitioner to diagnose any early development of the disease.
•   If an individual has ulcerative colitis which will prompt inflammation of the inner lining of the colon he or she will be at an elevated risk of developing the condition. Normallythe manifestation of colon cancer in patients with this disease typically occurs after 8-10 years of being afflicted with the disease.

Early diagnosis of the disease improves the prognosis for any patient. If it is not detected in the early stages it may move to other organs and cause likely death.

Colon Cancer Symptoms In Men

dennis — Sun, 05 Sep 2010 05:02:28 +0000

Colon cancer – also known as colorectal cancer – is the unrestrained expansion of cancer cells on the inner lining of the colon. Colon Cancer Symptoms In Men Now if you forget what a colon is (which is normal, since we all aren’t medical students), it is simply the part of the large intestine that extracts moisture from one’s digested food before it is excreted. A common ailment in Western societies, this type of cancer has taken the lives of many, resulting in broken distraught families.

Now let’s take a closer look at what causes this terrible disease. Notably, we owe this knowledge to the biochemist Dr. Warburg who discovered the cause and prevention of this type of cancer. He states that plainly, colon cancer is caused by the lack of oxygen reaching the colon cells of the body. Developing later in this process are adenomatous polyps which also turn cancerous and in effect worsen the patient’s health. These polyps are seen on the inner walls of the colon. In addition, there are ways in which the lack of a healthy lifestyle can also increase the likelihood of developing colon cancer, which usually affects both men and women before the age of 40 years. These include smoking, which is a serious risk factor as it not only affects the lungs of the body, but many other systems as well. Obesity is another risk factor due to the fact that having a low oxygen level is prevalent in persons who are overweight. It therefore stands to reason that if a person can maintain a balanced oxygen level suitable for a healthy body and mind, then they can also decrease their risk of having a cancerous colon. This should be supplemented with a diet high in fruits and vegetables.

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There are also risk factors associated with genes. In essence, adenomatous polyposis syndromes often run in families, making it much easier for a descendent to develop a cancerous colon, especially in cases with a first-degree family member with this illness. These risk factors are propelled even further if more than one relative have had the battle with colon cancer, developing it at an early age. Once the presence of colon cancer has been diagnosed, there are important additional factors which may increase its impact on the human body. Colon cancer cells use sugar as a source of energy to survive within the body and if a lot of sugars are part of the diet, then it can only pose more health problems to the patient.

All in all, there is a bright side to this grim picture; colon cancer – even though it is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the Western world – is treatable, and more importantly, preventable. Even for those individuals who are at risk because of family history, they also can take preventative measures to decrease its chances of occurring. The best thing you can do is to always know your status, live a healthy lifestyle, and stay on top of your healthcare!

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Colon Cancer Symptoms Age

dennis — Sat, 04 Sep 2010 05:01:18 +0000

If you have been diagnosed with a metastatic colon cancer then your life will change, but you should always remember that there is chance that you’ll be cured and try to fight the illness as much as you can.

Colon Cancer Symptoms Age

Colon cancer occurs when a tumor appears in the colon or in the rectum. The colon and the rectum together form the large intestine. First, only a tumor appears either in the colon or in the rectum, but if it is not treated then the tumor will spread, and in time it will affect other organs, such as the liver and the lungs, causing tumors to appear in them too. This is the final phase of colon cancer, when it has spread too much and there are too many cancerous cells in the body. It is also called stage IV colon cancer or metastatic colon cancer.

When doctors discover colon cancer they usually immediately recommend surgery to remove the part of the large intestine where the tumor has grown. After the surgery several tests are performed to see if the cancer has spread. If the result is positive and the cancerous cells are discovered in other distant places of the body then you will receive the stage IV colon cancer diagnosis.

You still have several treatment options after the metastatic colon cancer diagnose. What the best treatment for you is will be determined by several clinical trials. The treatment is very influenced by how far has the metastatic colon cancer has spread.

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If it has only spread to a single organ different from the large intestine then the treatment has higher chances of success because it can be directed to that single site. The most common place where metastatic colon cancer spreads is the liver, and sometimes the lungs.

The problem is that at most patients colon cancer has spread to many other locations, and the treatment can not be directed to a single site.
The best treatment option in this situation is chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is done by injecting, directly in the blood, certain substances that have the ability of killing cancer cells. Chemotherapy has severe side effects like loss of hair, fatigue, loss of appetite, fever, and many more. The survival rate for chemotherapy-treated patients is not too high, but it increases each year and new techniques are continuously researched and developed.

We can only hope that the future will bring good news for those with metastatic colon cancer, and also remember that some manage to survive it and you could be among them.

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Early Colon Cancer Symptoms

dennis — Fri, 03 Sep 2010 05:03:08 +0000

He discovered that removing their digestive wastes every day, these cells could live indefinitely. Early Colon Cancer Symptoms When he did not remove their wastes for three days they become weak and unhealthy.

This simple experiment showed that whatever waste we create whether it’s in our lymph liquid, our blood, or in the colon, it must be removed daily if we are to have excellent health.

Looking at colon waste, we should be having a bowel movement every day for every meal we eat. Most of us have only one or none each day. Many doctors say it’s ok if you only have one bowel movement every two days. Yes, it’s ok if you want to create colon cancer.

Studies have shown that if you have a bowel movement every 3 – 4 days, you are more at risk for having a heart attack, colon cancer, hemorrhoids, IBS, and many other illnesses.

As in 1911, Dr. Alexis showed cells become weak and die if they remain in their own metabolic waste for over three days or longer. This is exactly the condition called constipation.

Fecal matter that remains stagnant in the colon gives rise to bacteria that create colon wall irritations and inflammation. This then can lead to colon cancer.

And another thing, if you continue to have constipation, then this bacteria and toxic waste tend to slip into the small intestine where they can then get into your blood stream. There, this toxic matter goes all over the body creating damage and excess inflammation.

Here’s how to make sure your fecal matter does not become stagnant in your colon and produces colon cancer.

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Just by increasing the amount of fiber you eat daily by 3 / 4 ounce, you can dramatically change your risk of getting colon cancer and many other colon diseases. If you are like most people, you eat only 1 / 4 ounce of fiber. In terms of grams, you are likely eating 8 grams. Raise the amount of fiber you eat by 20 grams to 28 grams and reduce your likelihood of getting colon cancer.

Here’s what fiber does in your colon:

* Increase the size of your stools

* Feeds your good bacteria and keeps them healthy and plentiful

* Traps carcinogens so they don’t collect on your colon wall

* Reduces the amount of bile salts that are changed to carcinogens by bad bacteria

* Keeps you pH slightly acidic and in favor of good bacteria

* Reduces stagnation of fecal matter in colon – reduces constipation

* Traps water so stools are not hard

Here’s how fiber works. By keeping your stools large, they move quicker in your colon and don’t allow carcinogens to stay in contact with your colon wall for very long.

Large fiber stools brush along the colon walls keeping them clean and causing the nerves to activate peristaltic action.

Fiber provides food for the good bacteria and makes them stronger than the bad bacterial. This limits the carcinogen producing activities of the bad bacteria. When the good bacteria exceed the bad bacteria, the colon pH is slightly acidic and this makes your colon work better – less constipation and more nerve sensitivity

When your stools have more water, they are softer and move easily through the colon. Hard stools are hard to move through the colon. Since the colon sucks water out of the stool to recirculate it into the blood, less toxic material is pull out of a fecal bulk if it has plenty of water.

Add 3 / 4 ounce of fiber to your daily diet and avoid the misery and devastation that colon cancer brings to you and your family.

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Metastatic Colon Cancer Treatment

dennis — Thu, 02 Sep 2010 05:01:04 +0000

There are several types of cancer and they are divided into different categories according to their symptoms and causes. Metastatic Colon Cancer Treatment Among several cancers, Colon cancer is also the one getting common now-a-days. Colon cancer is caused due to the growing of cancerous cell in the tissues of the colon. There are several Colon cancer symptoms but they can not be considered as the early sign of this disease. There are several tests which can easily make you understand whether the colon cancer in infected or not and these tests includes the fecal occult blood tests (FOBT) and colonoscopies. The main symptoms on the basis of which one can go for the above mention tests are as follows:

1. Constipation
It is the condition when the person is facing difficulties for passing the stool. In the early stage the waste material in the colon becomes very mushy and this mushy waste can easily get accumulated around anything that gets in its way. But as the time get near to the end of the colon these accumulated waste material solidifies and creates problems for passing it out. There are possibilities of tumor in the rectum’s far end and due to this reason the person can face difficulties in moving the fecal things through it. Therefore Constipation can also be a symptom out of several other colon cancer symptoms.

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2. Thin stool
The thin stool from the body can easily indicate that some obstacles are there which don’t allow the proper passing of the waste material from the body. If the stool can’t remain in the mushy form and comes out through the colon region, the stool’s shape can provide you information about the problem inside your body. The obstacle which stops the waste material in the body can be a tumor. So, the thin stool coming out from the body is considered as the second symptom among several other colon cancer symptoms.

3. Stomach cramps
Sometimes there becomes blockage in your stomach due to the tumor which causes problem in passing, solids, liquids, and even gas due to the blockage strictness. Finally it results in abdominal cramps that can be severe and the blockage can also stop the flow of blood to the colon. If there are Painful cramps occurring in your stomach it may also indicate that a tumor has perforate and it is a medical emergency. Thus this is also one of the colon cancer symptoms found now-a-days.

There are several other colon cancer symptoms and all these symptoms will provide you the information about the possibilities of a tumor inside the colon or the stomach but these symptoms are not accurate to judge that the person is suffering from the colon cancer. For knowing that the person is infected by the colon cancer, he/she should test himself/herself with the above mentioned tests.

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Colon Cancer Tumor Growth

dennis — Wed, 01 Sep 2010 05:01:53 +0000

Cancer of the colon and rectum (colorectal cancer) is a malignant tumor arising from the inner wall of the large intestine. Colon Cancer Tumor Growth If signs and symptoms of colon cancer do appear, they may include changes in bowel habits, blood in your stool, persistent cramping, gas or abdominal pain. Since colon cancer can grow for years without causing any symptoms, it’s best to get regular colon cancer screenings.

Almost all men and women age 50 and older should have a colon cancer screening. Screening tests can help prevent colorectal cancer by finding pre-cancerous polyps so they can be removed before they turn into cancer. For normal risk individuals, screening tests begin at age 50 and the preferred approach is a screening colonoscopy every 10 years; an alternate strategy consists of annual stool test for blood and a flexible sigmoidoscopic exam every 3 to 5 years. Special screening programs are used for those with a family history of colorectal cancer. Colonoscopic surveillance (also called screening colonoscopy) needs to be available at more frequent intervals for individuals at high risk for colon cancer (for instance, those with a personal history of colorectal cancer or adenomatous polyps; family history of colorectal cancer; non-hereditary polyposis; colorectal cancer; or a pre-disposing condition such as inflammatory bowel disease. Since your genes cannot be changed, if there is a family history of colon polyps or cancer, a colonoscopy should be performed to remove the polyps before they become malignant.

In the area of prevention, researchers are looking at the effects of curcumin (found in curry), resveratrol (found in red wine), ginger and the Mediterranean diet on the growth and development of colon cancer. Recent research suggests that a high fiber, low-fat diet plays a role in prevention; how great a role it plays is unclear. Although the exact cause of colorectal cancer is not known, it is possible to prevent many colon cancers through: diet and exercise. It is important to manage the risk factors you can control, such as diet and exercise.

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A detox program, in most cases shall include a mental shift in attitude towards diet, improving nutrition, removing toxins, returning the desired flora in your internal system, maintaining a balanced pH level in the body and improving the overall mind and body relationship. Diet plays an important role in preventing the development of colon cancer. Diets high in fat and low in fruits and vegetables, such as those that include red meat, fried foods and high-fat dairy products, may increase the risk of colorectal cancer.

A body cleanse diet, is a diet that aims to clean and remove harmful toxins from your body. A well known detox diet for your body is the increasingly popular lemon detox diet, which incorporates a number of ingredients and requires you to consume a drink of these ingredients once everymorning, then drinking water with a hint of lemon juice throughout theday. Generally, a healthy and safe detox diet will not require you to starve yourself, and it contains highly nutritious food that can help to boost your metabolism.

While you are doing your colon cleanse, make sure you are getting plenty of sleep and exercise. Exercise is believed to reduce the risk of colon cancer. Light exercise is also a good way of getting the blood circulating in your body. Gentle, no-impact exercise safe and beneficial for people of all ages. There are tons of exercise programs and plans out there, or just walking for at least 12-15 minutes a day is beneficial to the colon function.

Detoxification is an efficient process of removing toxins from the body. The bodies natural detoxification system had simply not evolved to deal with the future man made pollutants that were to come. With the increase of toxins within the environment and foods we eat, it is not surprising that the majority of people are at a level of toxicity that is past the point that the bodies own natural detoxification system can cope with. Regular detoxification will help avoid serious problems and keep you feeling better, both mentally and physically.

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Colon Cancer Prognosis Calculator

dennis — Tue, 31 Aug 2010 05:03:26 +0000

A person who has this disease will suffer constipation, diarrheic, abdominal pain and anemia among other symptoms. Colon Cancer Prognosis Calculator But there are actually many ways to prevent having colon cancer. A basic lifestyle change that involves your diet and physical activities is one of the most effective ways to avoid having this disease. You should note that eating foods that are low in fiber but are high in fat every day increases your risks of having colon cancer. Likewise, eating a lot of fruits and vegetables can prevent colon cancer because these foods are rich in fiber, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants that can fight cancer.

Smoking and drinking should also be avoided if you want to prevent colon cancer. Note that stopping these habits will also prevent other kinds of diseases such as cancer of the lungs and heart problems. Lessening your alcohol intake may do wonders for your health and reduce the risks of complications. On the other hand, smoking increases the risk of dying by thirty to forty percent for people who already have colon cancer so quitting this habit can actually save your life.

Aside from being conscious of your daily intake of food and avoiding bad habits that can be detrimental to your heath, having a pro-active lifestyle can also prevent all forms of cancer including colon cancer. It is believed that just doing thirty minute of physical activity everyday can significantly reduce the risks of acquiring colon cancer. The reason for this is because exercise will help keep your weight under control and keep your metabolism at a normal rate to keep your bowel movement regular. Some researchers also observed that around fifteen percent of colon cancer cases could easily have been prevented if those affected had taken the time to exercise everyday.

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As in any other cancer cases, colon cancer should also be detected early to prevent it from becoming worse. Because of this, it is essential that you undertake screening tests regularly because colon cancer has no symptoms at its early stages. Note that screening tests are especially important for people who are in middle but younger people are not exempted particularly if they have a family history of having colon cancer. It is also recommended that people who are between the ages of forty to fifty undertake the faecal occult blood test every two years to be on the sage side.

To conduct a faecal occult blood test, you need to collect samples of your faeces so that it can be tested in a laboratory for some traces of blood. The reason why this test is important is because small bowel tumors can turn into cancer if it is left untreated. These tumors actually bleed in your bowel but it does not bleed enough for you to notice so laboratory tests are required.

Another way to detect if you have colon cancer is through colonoscopy. This is also the most effective way to determine whether you have colon cancer or not because it allows your doctors to examine your whole bowel for signs of tumors. This procedure is normally conducted in hospitals and you need to clean out your bowels before you can take this test.

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Colon Cancer Prevention Aspirin

dennis — Mon, 30 Aug 2010 05:01:17 +0000

Although brand new studies and theories keep appearing every now and then on how cancer can be avoided, many people still end up suffering from it anyway. Colon Cancer Prevention Aspirin Colon cancer happens to be ranked as top three as the cause of cancer-related deaths in America, making it a very common kind of cancer in today’s day and age that starts as a harmless group of benign cells known as adenomatous polyps. However, once colon cancer reaches later stages, more significant changes will be noticeable through bowel movements, rectal bleeding, frequent constipation, flatulence, extreme stomach pain, fatigue, and lethargy.

Fortunately, a lot of experts think that colon cancer can be prevented through colon cleansing. Various factors will work together in determining what goes on with your body. Genetics play a big role, as do personal lifestyle choices. Therefore, even if you focus on colon cleansing religiously, there would still be a chance that you could suffer from colon cancer, as well as other diseases. What is more important is to know that the choice is yours and that you can do something to tip any odds to your own favor.

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Regular colon cleansing can help you in avoiding toxin buildup within the digestive tract or clearing them out when they appear. It is believed that such toxins could increase a person’s chances for colon cancer by helping in the advancement and development of cancer polyps.
Although colon cleansing is merely a recent addition to the community of health, it is already starting to become a significant part of a person’s lifestyle and health.

When colon cleansing is used with body detoxification, toxins can be eliminated to reach optimal health. When it comes to colon cancer, various things can be done along with colon cleansing in order to help prevent it. First and foremost, get a checkup. Although colon cancer is highly common, it usually does not show any symptoms until it is to late and things get very painful.

One other thing you could do is live a healthy and active lifestyle, which colon cleansing can be a part of. Just because you get your colon cleansed regularly does not mean you are a healthy person. If you refuse to exercise and over-indulge in fast food, nothing can help you. If you truly wish to have a cleaner bill of health, you need to exert some effort. Colon cleansing can help you reach that goal, but you also need to eat healthy diets that are rich in fiber, like vegetables and fruits, to maintain a healthy colon.

Lastly, keep toxins in mind that can be found in alcohol, drugs, and cigarettes. Everybody knows how bad such practices are for the body, but you truly should avoid them if you wish to avoid colon cancer, as well.

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Colon Cancer Staging Dukes

dennis — Sun, 29 Aug 2010 05:01:10 +0000

Colon Cancer Staging Dukes

along with breast and cervical cancer is considered to be one of the ‘big three’ cancers that is prevalent in North America. Colon Cancer Staging DukesThe colon is the ‘tube’ at the end of our digestive tract which stores waste prior to its expulsion. The termination of the colon is called the ‘rectum’ and the complete tubular structure is the large intestine. This whole system is considered together when we are discussing colon cancer.

Symptoms associated with colon cancer:

There are no concrete symptoms that can be used to diagnose colon cancer directly, but rather there are a cluster of conditions that may signify there is a problem. So if in doubt, it is best to visit your physician.

Common Symptoms:

1. If the cancer is in proximity to the anus: constipation, diarrhea, tenesmus (painful and constant need to empty the bowels), narrowing of stool, and presence of blood or mucus in the stools.

2. If the cancer is located further up: melena, or black stool is a commonly reported symptom.

3. Large colon cancer tumors may obstruct the passing of feces and show up as constipation, abdominal pain or distension. Vomiting can also occur.

4. Anemia, weight loss, and a loss of appetite are also signs.

Risk Factors:

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1. Genetics: If cancer runs in the family, with a large number of close relatives afflicted or an unusually young age to develop cancer, this can point to high risk of colon cancer.

Other conditions are familial adenomatous polyposis which makes cancer in the colon more likely and should warrant an immediate visit to the physician.

2. Age: The chances of developing colon cancer jump suddenly once an individual hits the 60s, and thus regular check ups after this age become a must.

3. Smoking and drinking present high risk factors.

4. Consuming large amounts of meat with little fiber puts us at greater risk.

5. Sedentary individuals are also at higher risk.

6. Other conditions correlating to increased risk of colon cancer are lowered selenium levels, a history of ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease.

1. Barium enema x-ray: As the name suggests an enema is administered and the barium contained within is able to expose tumors or polyps as dark shadows on x-rays

2. Colonoscopy: It is the most commonly used test. A tube with video capabilities is inserted up the intestinal tract to detect polyps. If any polyps are found tests are conducted to see if they are colon cancer, depending on the results of subsequent biopsies. Biopsies require small tissue samples from the patient. If cancer is confirmed, the polyp has already been removed (due to colonoscopy), but tests need to be performed to search for metastasis if any. Typically the lungs, liver and the abdomen are especially important.

CEA is a product of some cancerous cells, whose elevated concentrations is used as an indication of spread of colon cancer.

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Cancer 101 » Colon Cancer

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